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Supreme Court decisions
No. 25-180Dec 8, 2025HealthReversed and remanded

The question

Whether a State can confer on healthcare providers immunity from federal causes of action.

Doe v. Dynamic Physical Therapy, LLC

What the Court decided

The Court reversed the Louisiana Court of Appeal and remanded. A State has no power to confer immunity from federal causes of action, so a Louisiana statute immunizing healthcare providers from civil liability could not bar the plaintiff's federal claims. Under the Supremacy Clause, state judges are bound to follow federal law regardless of contrary state law. Whether the federal claims fail on other federal grounds is left for the Louisiana courts to decide in the first instance.

How the justices split

Unanimous
In favor 9
Roberts
Thomas
Alito
Sotomayor
Kagan
Gorsuch
Kavanaugh
Barrett
Jackson

Per curiam (unsigned)

Delivered by the Court

Defining the scope of liability under state law is the State's prerogative, but a State has no power to confer immunity from federal causes of action. Under the Supremacy Clause, judges in every State are bound to follow federal law notwithstanding any contrary state law, so the Louisiana statute could not bar the plaintiff's federal claims. Those claims may still fail on other federal grounds, but that is for the Louisiana courts to decide in the first instance.

How we know · 5 sourced claims
  • The Louisiana Court of Appeal held that a Louisiana statute immunizing healthcare providers from civil liability barred the plaintiff's federal claims.

    Source: syllabus, Held

  • The Court held that a State has no power to confer immunity from federal causes of action.

    Source: syllabus, Held

  • The decision rests on the Supremacy Clause, U. S. Const., Art. VI, cl. 2.

    Source: syllabus, Held

  • The judgment of the Louisiana Court of Appeal was reversed and the case remanded.

    Source: syllabus, Held

  • The opinion was issued Per Curiam with no noted concurrences or dissents.

    Source: syllabus, lineup

Read the opinion on supremecourt.gov